Introduction to Information Technology ITL Education Solutions Limited English

Cover
Title Page
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
1. Computer Basics
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Characteristics of Computers
1.2 Evolution of Computers
1.3 Generations of Computers
1.3.1 First Generation (1940 to 1956): Vacuum Tubes
1.3.2 Second Generation (1956 to 1963): Transistors
1.3.3 Third Generation (1964 to Early 1970s): Integrated Circuits
1.3.4 Fourth Generation (Early 1970s to Till Date): Microprocessors
1.3.5 Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond): Artificial Intelligence
1.4 Classification of Computers
1.4.1 Microcomputers
1.4.2 Minicomputers
1.4.3 Mainframes
1.4.4 Supercomputers
1.5 The Computer System
1.5.1 Components of a Computer System
1.5.2 How Does a Computer Work?
1.6 Applications of Computers
Let Us Summarize
Exercises
Answers
2. Computer Organization and Architecture
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Central Processing Unit
2.2.1 Arithmetic/Logic Unit
2.2.2 Registers
2.2.3 Control Unit
2.2.4 System Bus
2.2.5 Main Memory Unit
2.2.6 Cache Memory
2.3 Communication among Various Units
2.3.1 Processor to Memory Communication
2.3.2 Processor—I/O Devices Communication
2.4 Instruction Format
2.5 Instruction Cycle
2.6 Instruction Set
2.6.1 CISC Architecture
2.6.2 RISC Architecture
2.6.3 Comparing the CISC with RISC
2.7 Inside a Computer
2.7.1 Power Supply (SMPS)
2.7.2 Motherboard
2.7.3 Ports and Interfaces
2.7.4 Expansion Cards
2.7.5 Ribbon Cables
2.7.6 Memory Chips
2.7.7 Storage Devices
2.7.8 Processors
2.8 Data Representation in Computers
2.8.1 Types of Number System
2.8.2 Conversion between Number Bases
2.9 Coding Schemes
Let Us Summarize
Exercises
Answers
3. Computer Memory and Storage
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Memory Representation
3.2 Memory Hierarchy
3.3 Random Access Memory
3.3.1 Types of RAM
3.4 Read Only Memory
3.4.1 Types of ROM
3.5 RAM, ROM and CPU Interaction
3.6 Types of Secondary Storage Devices
3.7 Magnetic Tape
3.7.1 Magnetic Tape Organization
3.7.2 Advantages of Magnetic Tapes
3.7.3 Disadvantages of Magnetic Tapes
3.8 Magnetic Disk
3.8.1 Storage Organization of a Magnetic Disk
3.8.2 Accessing Data from Magnetic Disk
3.9 Types of Magnetic Disks
3.9.1 Floppy Disk
3.9.2 Hard Disk
3.9.3 Zip Disk
3.9.4 Advantages of Magnetic Disks
3.9.5 Disadvantages of Magnetic Disks
3.10 Optical Disk
3.10.1 Storage Organization of Optical Disk
3.10.2 Access Mechanism of Optical Disk
3.11 Types of Optical Disks
3.11.1 Compact Disk
3.11.2 Digital Versatile Disk
3.11.3 Blu-ray Disk
3.11.4 Advantages of Optical Disks
3.11.5 Disadvantages of Optical Disks
3.12 Magneto-optical Storage Devices
3.12.1 Basics of MO Reading
3.12.2 Basics of MO Recording
3.13 Universal Serial Bus
3.13.1 Pen Drive
3.13.2 External Hard Disk Drive
3.14 Memory Stick
3.15 Mass Storage Devices
Let Us Summarize
Exercises
Answers
4. Input Output Media
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Importance of Input/Output Devices
4.2 Types of Input Devices
4.2.1 Keyboard
4.2.2 Pointing Devices
4.2.3 Speech Recognition
4.2.4 Digital Camera
4.2.5 Webcam
4.2.6 Scanners
4.2.7 Optical Character Recognition
4.2.8 Optical Mark Recognition
4.2.9 Magnetic-ink Character Recognition
4.2.10 Bar Code Reader
4.3 Types of Output Devices
4.3.1 Printers
4.3.2 Plotters
4.3.3 Computer Output Microfilm
4.3.4 Monitor
4.3.5 Voice Response System
4.3.6 Projector
4.3.7 Electronic Whiteboard
4.3.8 Headphone and Headset
4.4 Computer Terminals
Let Us Summarize
Exercises
Answers
5. Operating System
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Operating System: Definition
5.3 Evolution of Operating System
5.4 Types of Operating Systems
5.5 Functions of an Operating System
5.5.1 Process Management
5.5.2 Memory Management
5.5.3 File Management
5.5.4 Device Management
5.5.5 Security Management
5.5.6 User Interface
Let Us Summarize
Exercises
Answers
6. Microsoft Windows XP
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Features of Windows XP
6.3 Starting Windows XP Professional
6.4 The Desktop
6.4.1 Taskbar
6.4.2 Customizing Taskbar
6.4.3 Desktop Icons
6.4.4 Customizing the Desktop
6.5 My Computer
6.6 Working with Files and Folders
6.6.1 Recycle Bin
6.7 Windows Explorer
6.8 Windows Help and Support Centre
6.9 Searching in Windows XP
6.10 System Utilities in Windows XP
6.11 Control Panel
6.12 Windows Accessories
6.12.1 Calculator
6.12.2 Notepad
6.12.3 Paint
Let Us Summarize
Exercises
Answers
7. Overview of Microsoft Windows 7
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Different Editions of Windows 7
7.3 New Style of Windows 7
7.3.1 Aero Themes
7.3.2 Gadgets
7.3.3 Taskbar
7.3.4 Start Menu
7.3.5 Aero Effects
7.3.6 Jump Lists
7.4 Windows 7 Accessories
Let Us Summarize
Exercises
Answers
8. Information Technology Basics
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Information
8.2.1 Prerequisites of Information
8.2.2 Need for Information
8.3 Technology
8.4 Information Technology
8.4.1 Components of Information Technology
8.5 Present Scenario
8.6 Role of Information Technology
8.6.1 Information Technology in Business
8.6.2 Information Technology in Manufacturing
8.6.3 Information Technology in Mobile Computing
8.6.4 Information Technology in Public Sector
8.6.5 Information Technology in Defence Services
8.6.6 Information Technology in Media
8.6.7 Information Technology in Education
8.6.8 Information Technology in Publication
8.7 Information Technology and the Internet
8.8 Careers in the IT Industry
Let Us Summarize
Exercises
Answers
9. Multimedia Essentials
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Multimedia: Definition
9.3 Building Blocks of Multimedia
9.3.1 Text
9.3.2 Graphics
9.3.3 Audio
9.3.4 Video
9.3.5 Animation
9.4 Multimedia System
9.4.1 Desirable Features of Multimedia System
9.4.2 Data Compression
9.5 Multimedia Applications
9.5.1 Multimedia and Education
9.5.2 Multimedia and Entertainment
9.5.3 Multimedia and Training
9.5.4 Multimedia and Business
9.5.5 Multimedia Interactive Kiosks
9.6 Virtual Reality
9.6.1 Characteristics of Virtual Reality
Let Us Summarize
Exercises
Answers
10. Computer Programming and Languages
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Developing a Program
10.1.2 Program Development Cycle
10.2 Algorithm
10.3 Flowchart
10.3.1 Flowchart Symbols
10.3.2 Guidelines for Preparing Flowcharts
10.3.3 Benefits of Flowcharts
10.3.4 Limitations of Flowcharts
10.4 Decision Tables
10.4.1 Steps to Develop a Decision Table
10.4.2 Benefits of Decision Tables
10.4.3 Limitations of Decision Tables
10.5 Pseudocode
10.5.1 Pseudocode Guidelines
10.5.2 Benefits of Pseudocode
10.5.3 Limitations of Pseudocode
10.6 Program Control Structures
10.6.1 Sequence Control Structure
10.6.2 Selection Control Structure
10.6.3 Repetition Control Structure
10.7 Programming Paradigms
10.7.1 Unstructured Programming
10.7.2 Structured Programming
10.7.3 Object-oriented Programming
10.8 Characteristics of a Good Program
10.9 Programming Languages
10.9.1 Types of Programming Languages
10.10 Generations of Programming Languages
10.10.1 First Generation: Machine Language
10.10.2 Second Generation: Assembly Language
10.10.3 Third Generation: High-level Language
10.10.4 Fourth Generation
10.10.5 Fifth Generation: Very High-level Languages
10.11 Features of a Good Programming Language
Let Us Summarize
Exercises
Answers
11. Computer Software
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Software: Definition
11.2.1 Relationship between Software and Hardware
11.3 Categories of Software
11.3.1 System Software
11.3.2 Application Software
11.4 Installing and Uninstalling Software
11.5 Software Piracy
11.5.1 Types of Software Piracy
11.5.2 Preventing Software Piracy
11.6 Software Terminologies
Let Us Summarize
Exercises
Answers
12. Introduction to Microsoft Office 2007
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Introduction to Office 2007 User Interface
12.3 Microsoft Office Applications
12.3.1 Microsoft Office Word 2007
12.3.2 Microsoft Office Excel 2007
12.3.3 Microsoft Office Access 2007
12.3.4 Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2007
Let Us Summarize
Exercises
Answers
13. Microsoft Office Word 2003
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Starting Microsoft Office Word 2003
13.2.1 Microsoft Word Environment
13.2.2 Getting Help
13.3 Working with Word 2003 Documents
13.3.1 Creating a New Document
13.3.2 Opening an Existing Document
13.3.3 Saving a Document
13.3.4 Closing a Document and Exiting Microsoft Word
13.4 Working with Text
13.4.1 Inserting Text
13.4.2 Selecting Text
13.4.3 Formatting the Text
13.4.4 Aligning and Indenting Text
13.4.5 Formatting Style
13.4.6 Format Painter
13.4.7 Using Cut, Copy, and Paste in Word
13.4.8 Finding and Replacing Text
13.4.9 Undo and Redo
13.4.10 Bullets and Numbering
13.4.11 Header and Footer
13.5 Working with Tables
13.5.1 Table Properties
13.5.2 Moving and Resizing Table
13.5.3 Formatting Text in Table
13.5.4 Adding and Deleting Rows and Columns
13.5.5 Converting Text to Table
13.5.6 Converting Table to Text
13.6 Checking Spelling and Grammar
13.6.1 Using the Auto Spell and Auto Grammar Features
13.6.2 Using Spelling and Grammar Dialog Box
13.6.3 Using AutoCorrect Options
13.6.4 Using Synonyms and Thesaurus
13.7 Adding Graphics to Document
13.7.1 Pictures
13.7.2 Editing a Picture
13.7.3 Drawing Objects
13.8 Mail Merge
13.8.1 Components of a Mail Merge
13.8.2 Mail Merge Steps
13.9 Printing a Document
13.9.1 Setting Page Margins
13.9.2 Print Preview
13.9.3 Printing the Document
Let Us Summarize
Exercises
Answers
14. Microsoft Office Excel 2003
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Starting Microsoft Office Excel 2003
14.2.1 Microsoft Excel Environment
14.3 Working with Excel Workbook
14.3.1 Creating an Excel Workbook
14.3.2 Opening an Existing Workbook
14.3.3 Saving Workbook
14.3.4 Closing a Workbook
14.4 Working with Worksheet
14.4.1 Entering Data in Cells
14.4.2 Navigating through Cells
14.4.3 Naming of a Range of Cells
14.4.4 Editing a Worksheet
14.4.5 Using Cut, Copy, and Paste in Excel
14.4.6 Finding and Replacing Cells
14.4.7 Undo and Redo
14.5 Formulas and Functions
14.5.1 Functions
14.5.2 Using AutoSum
14.5.3 Formulas
14.6 Inserting Charts
14.6.1 Creating Charts
14.6.2 Using Chart Toolbar
14.6.3 Saving a Chart
14.7 Sorting
14.8 Printing in Excel
14.8.1 Setting Page Layout
14.8.2 Print Preview
14.8.3 Printing Worksheets
Let Us Summarize
Exercises
Answers
15. Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2003
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Starting Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2003
15.2.1 Microsoft PowerPoint Environment
15.3 Working with PowerPoint 2003
15.3.1 Creating a New Presentation
15.3.2 Opening a Presentation
15.3.3 Saving a Presentation
15.3.4 Closing a Presentation
15.4 Working with Different Views
15.5 Designing Presentation
15.5.1 Choosing Design Template
15.5.2 Using Masters
15.5.3 Working with Slides
15.5.4 Working with Text
15.5.5 Formatting the Text
15.5.6 Working with Graphics
15.5.7 Adding Multimedia
15.5.8 Running Slides
15.5.9 Package for CD
15.6 Printing in PowerPoint
15.6.1 Setting Page Layout
15.6.2 Printing Presentation
Let Us Summarize
Exercises
Answers
16. Data Communication and Computer Networks
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Data Communication
16.2.1 Components of Data Communication
16.2.2 Data Transmission Mode
16.2.3 Analog and Digital Data Transmission
16.2.4 Data Communication Measurement
16.3 Transmission Media
16.3.1 Guided/Wired Media
16.3.2 Unguided/Wireless Media
16.4 Modulation
16.4.1 Amplitude Modulation (AM)
16.4.2 Frequency Modulation (FM)
16.4.3 Phase Modulation (PM)
16.5 Multiplexing
16.5.1 Multiplexers
16.5.2 Asynchronous and Synchronous Transmission
16.6 Switching
16.6.1 Circuit Switching
16.6.2 Packet Switching
16.6.3 Message Switching
16.7 Computer Network
16.7.1 Types of Computer Networks
16.8 Network Topologies
16.8.1 Bus Topology
16.8.2 Ring Topology
16.8.3 Star Topology
16.8.4 Tree Topology
16.8.5 Mesh Topology
16.9 Communication Protocol
16.9.1 The OSI Model
16.10 Network Devices
Let Us Summarize
Exercises
Answers
17. The Internet
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Evolution of Internet
17.3 Basic Internet Terms
17.4 Getting Connected to the Internet
17.5 Internet Applications
17.5.1 Electronic Mail (E-mail)
17.5.2 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
17.5.3 Telnet
17.5.4 Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
17.5.5 Chatting and Instant Messaging
17.5.6 Internet Telephony
17.5.7 Video Conferencing
17.5.8 Commerce through the Internet
17.5.9 Newsgroups (Usenet)
17.5.10 Mailing Lists (Listserver)
17.6 Data Over the Internet
17.6.1 Static Component
17.6.2 Dynamic Component
Let Us Summarize
Exercises
Answers
18. Internet Tools
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Web Browser
18.2.1 Web Browser Features
18.2.2 Opening Internet Explorer
18.2.3 Internet Explorer Environment
18.3 Browsing Internet Using Internet Explorer
18.4 Electronic Mail (E-mail)
18.4.1 E-mail Address Structure
18.4.2 Checking E-mails
18.4.3 Sending E-mails
18.4.4 E-mail Attachments
18.4.5 How E-mail Works
18.4.6 Netiquette
18.4.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of E-mail
18.5 E-mail Client
18.5.1 Features of E-mail Client
18.5.2 Opening Outlook Express
18.5.3 Creating an Account
18.5.4 Sending E-mails Using Outlook Express
18.5.5 Checking E-mails Using Outlook Express
18.5.6 Creating Newsgroup Account
18.6 Search Engines
18.6.1 Searching the Internet
18.6.2 Refining the Search
18.7 Instant Messaging
18.7.1 Features of Messenger
18.7.2 Getting Started with Yahoo Messenger
18.7.3 Sending Instant Messages
18.7.4 Sending Files
Let Us Summarize
Exercises
Answers
19. Computer Security
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Computer Security: Definition
19.2.1 Security Threats
19.3 Malicious Programs
19.3.1 Virus
19.3.2 Other Destructive Programs
19.3.3 Affecting Computer System
19.3.4 Protecting Computer System
19.4 Cryptography
19.4.1 Secret Key Cryptography
19.4.2 Public Key Cryptography
19.4.3 Hash Function
19.5 Digital Signature
19.5.1 How Is Digital Signature Used?
19.6 Firewall
19.6.1 How Firewall Works?
19.6.2 Types of Firewall
19.7 User Identification and Authentication
19.7.1 User Requirements
19.7.2 User Possessions
19.7.3 Biometric Technique
19.8 Data Backup and Recovery
19.8.1 Backup Methods
19.8.2 Online Backups
19.8.3 Recovery Tools
19.9 Security Awareness and Policies
19.9.1 Awareness
19.9.2 Security Policy
Let Us Summarize
Exercises
Answers
20. Database Fundamentals
20.1 Introduction
20.1.1 Data versus Information
20.2 Database: Definition
20.2.1 Basic Database Terms
20.3 Logical Data Concepts
20.3.1 Entity
20.3.2 Attribute
20.3.3 Relationship
20.4 Physical Data Concepts
20.4.1 Sequential Files
20.4.2 Direct Files
20.4.3 Indexed Sequential Files
20.5 Database Management System
20.5.1 Need for DBMS
20.5.2 Benefits of DBMS
20.5.3 Components of a DBMS
20.5.4 Database Administrator
20.5.5 Database Languages
20.5.6 Data Dictionary
20.6 DBMS Architecture
20.6.1 Data Independence
20.7 Database Models
20.7.1 Hierarchical Database Model
20.7.2 Network Database Model
20.7.3 Relational Database Model
20.7.4 Object-oriented Database Model
20.8 Normalization
20.8.1 First Normal Form (1NF)
20.8.2 Second Normal Form (2NF)
20.8.3 Third Normal Form (3NF)
20.9 Types of Databases
20.9.1 Centralized Database
20.9.2 Distributed Database
20.10 Data Warehousing and Data Mining
Let Us Summarize
Exercises
Answers
21. Structured Query Language (SQL)
21.1 Introduction
21.1.1 Communicating with Database Using SQL
21.1.2 Characteristics of SQL
21.1.3 Brief History of SQL
21.2 Getting Started with SQL
21.2.1 Data Types
21.2.2 SQL Syntax
21.3 DDL Commands
21.3.1 CREATE TABLE Command
21.3.2 ALTER TABLE Command
21.3.3 DROP TABLE Command
21.4 DML Commands
21.4.1 INSERT Command
21.4.2 UPDATE Command
21.4.3 DELETE Command
21.4.4 SELECT Command
21.5 Querying Multiple Tables (SQL Joins)
21.5.1 Combining Queries Using UNION
21.6 Nesting Select Statements (Subquery)
Let Us Summarize
Exercises
Answers
22. Microsoft Office Access 2003
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Starting Microsoft Office Access 2003
22.3 Working with Access Database
22.3.1 Creating and Saving a Database
22.3.2 Opening a Database
22.3.3 Closing a Database and Exiting Microsoft Access
22.4 Microsoft Access Environment
22.5 Working with Tables
22.5.1 Creating a Table in Design View
22.5.2 Creating a Table Using Wizard
22.5.3 Adding, Modifying, and Deleting Records
22.5.4 Navigating a Table
22.6 Queries
22.6.1 Creating a Simple Query Using Wizard
22.6.2 Running a Query
22.6.3 Sorting Query Results
22.6.4 Using SQL in Microsoft Access
22.7 Forms
22.7.1 Creating a Form Using Wizard
22.8 Reports
22.8.1 Creating a Report Using Wizard
Let Us Summarize
Exercises
Answers
23. Current and Future Trends in IT
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Electronic Commerce (E-Commerce)
23.2.1 Types of E-Commerce
23.2.2 Processes in E-Commerce
23.2.3 Types of Electronic Payment
23.2.4 Advantages of E-Commerce
23.2.5 Disadvantages of E-Commerce
23.3 Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)
23.3.1 How EDI Works?
23.3.2 EDI Benefits
23.3.3 EDI Limitations
23.4 Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)
23.5 Smart Card
23.6 Internet Prootcol Television (IPTV)
23.7 Blogging
23.8 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
23.9 Brain Computer Interface (BCI)
23.10 Imminent Technologies
23.10.1 Pen Size Computer
23.10.2 Napkin PC
23.10.3 Roll Top Computer
23.10.4 B-membrane PC
23.10.5 USB Memory Stick
Let Us Summarize
Exercises
Answers
24. Artificial Intelligence (AI)
24.1 Introduction
24.1.1 What Is Intelligence?
24.1.2 Turing Test
24.2 Artificial Intelligence: Definition
24.2.1 Domain Areas of AI
24.2.2 Brief History of AI
24.3 Knowledge-based Systems
24.3.1 Knowledge Acquisition
24.3.2 Knowledge Organization
24.3.3 Knowledge Manipulation
24.3.4 Knowledge Representation
24.4 Searching Techniques
24.4.1 Uninformed Search
24.4.2 Informed Search
24.5 Natural Language Processing (NLP)
24.5.1 Uses of NLP
24.6 Expert Systems
24.6.1 Characteristics of Expert System
24.6.2 Applications Areas of Expert System
24.6.3 Users in Expert Systems
24.6.4 Benefits of Expert Systems
24.6.5 Limitations of Expert Systems
24.7 Neural Networks
24.7.1 Benefits of Neural Networks
24.7.2 Applications of Neural Networks
24.8 AI Languages
Let Us Summarize
Exercises
Answers
Acknowledgements
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